Last Thursday, July 15, after nearly two years of legislative wrangling, the Senate made financial and legislative history with the final passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Act”). The Act covers nearly every aspect of financial regulation and is by far the most significant overhaul of the financial regulatory system since the passage of the securities laws following the Great Depression.
The Senate approved the Act by a vote of 60-39, with three Republicans from the Northeast joining with the Democrats in voting to advance the legislation. One Democrat, Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin, voted against the bill, saying it was still not strong enough to prevent future crises. And the seat held by Senator Robert C. Byrd, Democrat of West Virginia, who died last month, is vacant. The House approved the bill earlier this month by a vote of 237 to 192, and there, too, only three Republicans voted in favor.
The bill will now be sent to President Obama, who is expected to sign it tomorrow at the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center in Washington, D.C.
Although clearly a significant legislative victory for President Obama and the Democrats, given the scope and breadth of the Act and the fact that its implementation will require multiple agencies vested with broad discretion to engage in a vast amount of rulemaking, it will be years before the practical implications of the Act are fully understood. Even Senator Dodd (D-Conn.), chairman of the Senate Banking Committee and the Act’s main author, acknowledged that Americans will probably not know for years – perhaps not until the next financial crisis strikes – if the response by Congress this year was sufficient, or falls short despite the best intentions.
“We won’t know the full results of what we have done until the very institutions we have created, the regulations we have suggested and provided for are actually tested,” Mr. Dodd said in a floor speech. “We can’t legislate wisdom or passion. We can’t legislate competency. All we can do is create the structures and hope that good people will be appointed who will attract other good people — people who will make careers and listen and see to it that never again do we go through what we have gone through.”
Mr. Dodd, however, said that Congress had done its utmost.
“The American public expects nothing less of us than to fashion proposals that will minimize great risks to them,” he said. “None of us lost a job or a home in the last two years. None of us has watched our retirement account evaporate overnight. None of us will worry about whether our children can get a higher education. That all happened to the people we represent across the country.”
Mr. Dodd continued:
“They are asking that we do our best. They don’t ask for perfection. They know we have not solved every problem and that we are not going to bring back their homes and their jobs; but they expect us to respond to the situation that brought us to the brink of financial disaster. This is our best effort to do so.”